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Become a Medical content creator @ Neuros Sign Up Today!AV blocks are partial or complete interruption of electrical transmission from the atria to the ventricles. The most common causes are: Idiopathic fibrosisIschemic heart diseaseDrugs (BBs, CCBs, Digoxin, Amiodarone)Valvulopathy Congenital heart, genetic or other disorders The different types of heart blocks are as follows: [1] FIRST DEGREE HEART BLOCK PR interval is longer >0.20 secs, seen on the ECG. The conduction is slowed without any skipped beats. ...
Continue readingA variety of Rheumatic diseases have different antibodies that help us diagnose them. Here is a nice reference chart for them.
Continue readingBeing able to identify the key symptoms of stroke allows one to be treated as soon as possible. Identifying it in someone, can help save their life. So Remember BE FAST and save a person having a stroke! Be a Hero!
Continue readingEPIDEMIOLOGY Increasing diabetes mellitus by 38% since 2004. Financial burden of foot ulcer is approximately $20,000 dollars within 2 years of diagnosis and lifetime cost of an amputation is approximately $50,000. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - Direct bacterial invasion from skin ulcer break in the skin barrier - Oxidative stress, poor nutrition, impaired neutrophil function, ischemia from vascular insufficiency - Peripheral neuropathy leads to risk of developing foot ulcers. Sensory neuropathy leads to loss of protective sensation. Motor neuropathy leads to deformities that leading developing pressure points. Autonomic ...
Continue readingHerpes Zoster is the reactivation of varicella zoster virus infection. It usually presents as a painful vesicular eruption with a dermatomal distribution. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The varicella virus lives inactive in the dorsal root / cranial nerve ganglia after primary infection. Reactivation of this virus causes replication of the virus in the neuronal bodies and are then carried along the axons to the skin dermatomes, causing the inflammatory eruptions. RISK FACTORS 1. Age (mostly seen in geriatric population) 2. Immunosuppressed state (pregnancy, HIV, malignancy) 3. Spinal surgery 4. Stress 5. ...
Continue readingCluster headaches are more common in middle aged men, with a ratio of 2:1 In women, it is usually seen earlier in life (in their 20s) ASSOCIATED WITH 1. Depression 2. Asthma 3. History of migraines 4. Sleep apnea CLINICAL PRESENTATION The diagnosis is clinical 1. Unilateral, recurrent periorbital pain that lasts from 15 min upto 3 hours 2. Usually at night time 3. Ipsilateral injection, lacrimation and nasal congestion 4. Neurological exam is normal PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Posterior hypothalamus activation > increased parasympathetic outflow The lacrimation, redness and congestion is due to parasympathetic hyperactivity The ptosis and ...
Continue readingRECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON NATIONAL SLEEP FOUNDATION: AGE HOURS OF SLEEP 0-3 months 14-17 hours 4-11 months 12-15 hours 1-2 years 11-14 hours 3-5 years 10-13 hours 6-13 years 9-11 hours 14-17 years 8-10 hours 18-25 years 7-9 hours 26-64 years 7-9 hours 65+ years 7-8 hours Reference: National Sleep Foundation (Accessed ...
Continue readingPneumonia is the infection of the lower respiratory tract. There are 2 main types; Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) and Health care associated pneumonia (HCAP) EPIDEMIOLOGY - approx 4 million adults in the US are diagnosed with CAP every year ETIOLOGY - Viral (most common, 85% cases) - Common bacterial; S.pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae, Staph aureus, MRSA, Pseudomonas - Other; TB, fungi, legionella RISK FACTORS - Age (>65yrs) - Smoking, Alcohol use - Asthma, COPD - Previous h/o of pneumonia - Immunosuppression - Malnutrition PATHOLOGY BASED ON RISK FACTORS 1. Alcohol - S.pneumoniae, Klebsiella, S aureus, Anaerobes 2. ...
Continue readingConsists of 2 types; primary and secondary Primary adrenal insufficiency is also called Addison's disease ETIOLOGY Primary - Autoimmune (most common) - Hemorrhage; trauma, illness, pregnancy - Infections; HIV, CMV, TB - Amyloidosis and Hemochromatosis - Congenital - Drugs; ketoconazole, etomidate, mitotane Secondary - Iatrogenic CLINICAL FEATURES - Weakness, Fatigue - Weight loss - Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Abdominal pain - Orthostatic hypotension - Coma, Death - Hyper pigmentation of oral mucosa and palmar creases DIAGNOSIS - Blood work; BMP (hyponatremia, hyperkalemia) - Cortisol test - Cosyntropin stimulation test TREATMENT - Fludrocortisone, Hydrocortisone, Prednisone
Continue readingTreating & Preventing Cold Injuries: Exposure Risks: Risk factors are elevated for people who spend extended time working or recreating in cold environments. Many winter time injuries occur at the end of the work or recreational day when the temperature drops, surfaces get icy and slick, and people are fatigued and/or dehydrated. Complacency or lack of awareness, especially in warmer climates, can also heighten injury risk. Other contributing factors include: 1. Wearing inadequate or wet clothing. 2. Consuming substances that inhibit the body's response to cold and/or ...
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